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Your guide to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Affecting around one in 10 women, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of fertility problems. Recognising the symptoms early is important, especially if you plan to have children in the future.
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PCOS is a major factor that can impact your fertility. Whether you've been aware of your PCOS for a while or have recently received a diagnosis, we are here to support you on your fertility journey.
In this guide, we aim to cover:
- What PCOS is and its causes
- Common signs and symptoms to look out for
- How PCOS affects your fertility
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What is PCOS?
PCOS is a hormonal condition that affects how the ovaries function. Women can develop PCOS at any age after puberty, but it is most commonly diagnosed in their twenties or thirties.
PCOS may lead to irregular menstrual periods, cause increased levels of androgens (male hormones), which can lead to excessive facial and body hair. Enlarged ovaries can also be a result of PCOS, which contains multiple harmless fluid-filled sacs, known as follicles, that surround the eggs. The exact cause of PCOS is unclear and not everyone with the condition will experience symptoms.
What causes PCOS?
While the exact cause of PCOS remains unclear, several factors can influence its development, including genetics. If a biological family member has PCOS, your risk of developing it may be higher. Additionally, individuals with insulin resistance must produce extra insulin to compensate. This excess insulin can lead the ovaries to produce too much testosterone, disrupting follicle development and ovulation, which can contribute to PCOS.
Furthermore, PCOS is often associated with hormonal imbalances, including elevated levels of androgens like testosterone, as well as high levels of luteinising hormone (LH), which promotes ovulation. However, if LH levels are excessively high, it can interfere with ovulation.
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What are the symptoms of PCOS?
Some individuals may first notice symptoms of PCOS early twenties or thirties. Not everyone will exhibit signs of the condition, and symptoms can vary in intensity. It's essential to be aware of the symptoms and contact your doctor if you have any concerns.
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Common signs of PCOS
Most women who experience PCOS may display various symptoms including irregular or absent menstrual periods, difficulty conceiving, bloating, weight gain, oily skin, acne, thinning hair, hair loss from the head or excessive hair growth on the face, chest, back or buttocks.
Less common signs of PCOS
In more severe cases of PCOS you may experience an increased chance of developing high blood pressure and high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, mood changes and anxiety. Overweight women may also develop sleep apnoea.
Although rare, individuals with a history of absent or very irregular periods have a higher-than-average risk of developing endometrial cancer.
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When to see a doctor
PCOS can impact individuals in different ways, especially for those who are trying to start a family.
If you're concerned about any symptoms you are experiencing, contact your doctor for advice and guidance.
How does PCOS affect fertility?
PCOS impacts fertility in several ways. It disrupts ovarian function, which can hinder ovulation and the release of eggs. This is mainly due to hormonal imbalances, particularly elevated levels of androgens, often referred to as male hormones. This can also impact egg quality, reducing the chances of successful fertilisation and implantation.
It's important to acknowledge that other factors, such as age, lifestyle, and underlying medical conditions, can also influence fertility.
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The difference between PCOS and polycystic ovaries
Polycystic ovaries (PCO) and PCOS are related, but they are not the same. PCO refers to the presence of multiple small cysts, or follicles, in the ovaries and is considered a physical characteristic. In contrast, PCOS is a hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age, leading to imbalances in hormone levels.
It is important to understand that not everyone with polycystic ovaries necessarily has PCOS, and having PCO alone isn't sufficient for a diagnosis. If you have any concerns, it's essential to consult your doctor.
Fertility treatment options
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PCOS FAQs
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